1. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 22.

2. Cf. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 1.

3. Cf. ibid., 9.

4. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 4.

5. Paul VI, Address to the General Assembly of the United Nation (October 4, 1965),1 : AAS 57 (1965), 878 ; cf. Encyclical Letter Populorum Progressio (March 26,1967),13 : AAS 59 (1967), 263-264.

6. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 16.

7. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 16.

8. Pius XII had already pointed out this doctrinal development : cf. Radio Message for the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum of Leo XIII (June 1, 1941) : AAS 33 (1941), 195-205. Also John XXIII, Encyclical Letter Mater et Magistra (May 15,1961) : AAS 53 (1961), 410-413.

9. Apostolic Letter Spiritus Domini (August 1,1987) : AAS 79 (1987),1374.

10. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No.1692.

11. Apostolic Constitution Fidei Depositum (October 11,1992), 4.

12. Cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 10.

13. Cf. Apostolic Epistle Parati Semper to the Young People of the World on the occasion of the International Year of Youth (March 31, 1985), 2-8 : AAS 77 (1985), 581-600.

14. Cf. Decree on Priestly Formation Optatam Totius, 16.

15. Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis (March 4, 1979), 13 : AAS 71 (1979), 282.

16. Ibid.,10 : loc. cit., 274.

17. Exameron, Dies VI, Sermo IX, 8, 50 : CSEL 32, 24.

18. Saint Leo the Great, Sermo XCII, Chap. III : PL 54, 454.

19. Saint Thomas Aquinas, In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Cecem Legis Praecepta. Prologus : Opuscula Theologica, II, No. 1129, Ed. Taurinen (1954), 245 ; cf. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 91, a. 2 ; Catechism of the Catholic Church, No. 1955.

20. Cf. Saint Maximus the Confessor, Quaestiones ad Thalassium, Q. 64 : PG 90, 723-728.

21. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 24.

22. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No. 2070.

23. In Iohannis Evangelium Tractatus, 41, 10 : CCL 36, 363.

24. Cf. Saint Augustine, De Sermone Domini in Monte, I, 1, 1 : CCL 35,1-2.

25. In Psalmum CXVIII Expositio, Sermo 18, 37 : PL 15, 1541 ; cf. Saint Chromatius of Aquileia, Tractarus in Matthaeum, XX, I,1-4 : CCL 9/A, 291-292.

26. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No.1717.

27. In Iohannis Evangelium Tractatus, 41, 10 : CCL 36, 363.

28. Ibid., 21, 8 : CCL 36, 216.

29. Ibid., 82, 3 : CCL 36, 533.

30. De Spiritu et Littera, 19, 34 : CSEL 60,187.

31. Confessiones, X, 29, 40 : CCL 27,176 ; cf. De Gratia et Livero Arbitrio, XV : PL 44, 899.

32. Cf. De Spiritu et Littera, 21, 36 ; 26, 46 : CSEL 60,189-190 ; 200-201.

33. Cf. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q.106, a.1 conclusion and ad 2um.

34. In Matthaeum, Hom. I,1 : PG 57,15.

35. Cf. Saint Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, IV, 26, 2-5 : SCh 100/12, 718-729.

36. Cf. Saint Justin, Apologia, I, 66 : PG 6, 427-430.

37. Cf. 1 Pt 2:12ff ; cf. Didache, II, 2 : Patres Apostolici, ed. F. X. Funk, I, 6-9 ; Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus, I, 10 ; II, 10 : PG 8, 3ff-364 ; 497-536 ; Tertullian, Apologeticum, IX, 8 : CSEL, 69, 24.

38. Cf. Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Magnesios, VI,1-2 : Patres Apostolici, ed. F. X. Funk, I, 234-235 ; Saint Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, IV, 33:1, 6, 7 : SCh 100/ 2, 802-805 ; 814-815 ; 816-819.

39. Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 8.

40. Cf. ibid.

41. Ibid.,10.

42. Code of Canon Law, Canon 747, 2.

43. Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 7.

44. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modem World Gaudium et Spes, 22.

45. Decree on Priestly Formation Optatam Totius, 16.

46. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 62.

47. Ibid.

48. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 10.

49. Cf. First Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith Dei Filius, Chap. 4 : DS, 3018.

50. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions Nostra Aetate, 1.

51. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 43-44.

52. Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 1, referring to John XXIII, Encyclical Letter Pacem in Terris (April 11,1963) : AAS 55 (1963), 279 ; ibid., 265, and to Pius XII, Radio Message (December 24,1944) : AAS 37 (1945),14.

53. Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitaries Humane, 1.

54. Cf. Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis (March 4, 1979), 17 : AAS 71 (1979), 295-300 ; Address to those taking part in the Fifth International Colloquium of Juridical Studies (March 10, 1984), 4 : Insegnamenti VII, 1 (1984), 656 ; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on Christian Freedom and Liberation Libertatis Conscientia (March 22, 1986),19 : AAS 79 (1987), 561.

55. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 11.

56. Ibid.,17.

57. Ibid.

58. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 2 ; cf. also Gregory XVI, Encyclical Epistle Mirari Vos Arbitramur (August 15, 1832) : Acta Gregoree Papae XVI, I, 169-174 ; Pius IX, Encyclical Epistle Quanta Cura (December 8, 1864) : Pii IX P.M. Acta, I, 3, 687-700 ; Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter Libertas Praestantissimum (June 20,1888) : Leonis XIII P.M. Acta, VIII, Romae 1889, 212-246.

59. A Letter Addressed to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk : Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching (Uniform Edition : Longman, Green and Company, London,1868-1881), vol. 2, p. 250.

60. Cf. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 40 and 43.

61. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I-II, q. 71, a. 6 ; see also ad Sum.

62. Cf. Pius XII, Encyclical Letter Humani Generis (August 12,1950) : AAS 42 (1950), 561-562.

63. Cf. Ecumenical Council of Trent, Sess. VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Canons 19-21 : DS,1569-1571.

64. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 17,

65. De Hominis Opificio, Chap. 4 : PG 44,135-136.

66. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 36.

67. Ibid.

68, Ibid.

69. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 93, a. 3, ad 2um, cited by John XXIII, Encyclical Letter Pacem in Terris (April 11, 1963) : AAS 55 (1963), 271.

70. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 41.

71. Saint Thomas Aquinas, In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta. Prologus : Opuscula Theologica, II, No. 1129, Ed. Taurinen. (1954), 245.

72. Cf. Address to a Group of Bishops from the United States on the occasion of their ad Limina Visit (October 15,1988), 6 : Insegnamenti, XI, 3 (1988),1228.

73. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 47.

74. Cf. Saint Augustine, Enarratio in Psalmum LXII,16 : CCL 39, 804.

75. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 17.

76. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 91, a. 2.

77. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No.1955.

78. Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 3.

79. Contra Faustum, Bk 22, Chap. 27 : PL 42, 418.

80. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 93, a. 1.

81. Cf. ibid., I-II, q. 90, a.4, ad 1um.

82. Ibid., I-II, q. 91, a.2.

83. Encyclical Letter Libertas Praestantissimum (June 20,1888) : Leonis XIII P.M. Acta, VIII, Romae 1889, 219.

84. In Epistulam ad Romanos, c. VIII, lect. 1.

85. Cf. Sess. IV, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Chap. 1 : DS,1521.

86. Cf. Ecumenical Council of Vienne, Constitution Fidei Catholicae : DS, 902 ; Fifth Lateran Ecumenical Council, Bull Apostolici Regiminis : DS, 1440.

87. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 14.

88. Cf. Sess. VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Chap. 15 : DS, 1544. The Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation on Reconciliation and Penance in the Mission of the Church Today cites other texts of the Old and New Testaments which condemn as mortal sins certain modes of conduct involving the body : cf. Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (December 2, 1984),17 : AAS 77 (1985), 218-223.

89. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 51.

90. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation Donum Vitae (February 22, 1987), Introduction, 3 : AAS 80 (1988), 74 ; cf. Paul VI, Encyclical Letter Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968),10 : AAS 60 (1968), 487-488.

91. Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio (November 22,1981),11 : AAS 74 (1982), 92.

92. De Trinitate, XIV,15, 21 : CCL 50/A, 451.

93. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 94, a.2.

94. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 10 ; Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics Persona Humana (December 29,1975), 4 : AAS 68 (1976, 80 : "But in fact, divine Revelation and, in its own proper order, philosophical wisdom, emphasize the authentic exigencies of human nature. They thereby necessarily manifest the existence of immutable laws inscribed in the constitutive elements of human nature and which are revealed to be identical in all beings endowed with reason."

95. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 29.

96. Cf, ibid., 16.

97. Ibid., 10.

98. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, q.108, a. 1. St. Thomas bases the fact that moral norms, even in the context of the New Law, are not merely formal in character but have a determined content, upon the assumption of human nature by the Word.

99. Saint Vincent of Lerins, Commonitorium Primum, c. 23 : PG 50, 668.

100. The development of the Church’s moral doctrine is similar to that of the doctrine of the faith (cf. First Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith Dei Filius, Chap. 4 : DS, 3020, and Canon 4 : DS, 3024). The words spoken by John XXIII at the opening of the Second Vatican Council can also be applied to moral doctrine : "This certain and unchanging teaching (i.e., Christian doctrine in its completeness), to which the faithful owe obedience, needs to be more deeply understood and set forth in a way adapted to the needs of our time. Indeed, this deposit of the faith, the truths contained in our time-honored teaching, is one thing ; the manner in which these truths are set forth (with their meaning preserved intact) is something else":AAS 54 (1962), 792 ; cf. L’OsservatoreRomano, October 12, 1962, p. 2.

101. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 16.

102. Ibid.

103. In II Librum Sentent., dist. 39, a. 1, q. 3, conclusion ; Ed. Ad Claras Aquas, II 907b.

104. Address (General Audience, August 17, 1983), 2 : Insegnamenti, VI, 2 (1983), 256.

105. Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, Instruction on "Situation Ethics’’ Contra Doctrinam (February 2, 1956) : AAS 48 (1956), 144.

106. Encyclical Letter Dominum et Vivificantem (May 18, 1986), 43 : AAS 78 (1986), 859 ; cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 16 ; Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 3.

107, Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 16.

108. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 17, a. 4,

109. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 16.

110. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II-11, q. 45, a. 2.

111. Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 14.

112. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, Dei Verbum, 5 ; cf. First Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith Dei Filius, Chap. 3 : DS, 3008.

113. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 5. Cf. Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on Certain Questions regarding Sexual Ethics Persona Humana (December 29,1975),10 : AAS 68 (1976), 88-90.

114. Cf. Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhoration Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (December 2,1984),17 ; AAS 77 (1985), 218-223.

115. Sess. VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Chap. 15 : DS, 1544 ; Canon 19 : DS, 1569.

116. Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhoration Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (December 2,1984),17 : AAS 77 (1985), 221.

117. Ibid. : loc. cit., 223.

118. Ibid. : loc. cit., 222.

119. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 17.

120. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 1, a. 3 : "Idem sunt actus morales et actus humani."

121. De Vita Moysis, II, 2-3 : PG 44, 327-328.

122. Cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II-11, q.148, a. 3.

123. The Second Vatican Council, in the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, makes this clear : "This applies not only to Christians but to all men of good will in whose hearts grace is secretly at work. Since Christ died for all and since man’s ultimate calling comes from God and is therefore a universal one, we are obliged to hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of sharing in this paschal mystery in a manner known to God" : Gaudium etSpes, 22.

124. Tractatus ad Tiberium Diaconum sociosque, II. Responsiones ad Tiberium Diaconum sociosque : Saint Cyril of Alexandria, In Divi Johannis Evangelium, vol. III, ed. Philip Edward Pusey, Brussels, Culture et Civilisation (1965), 590.

125. Cf. Ecumenical Council of Trent, Session VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Canon 19 : DS, 1569. See also : Clement XI, Constitution Unigenitus Dei Filius (September 8, 1713) against the Errors of Paschasius Quesnel, Nos. 53-56 : DS, 2453-2456.

126. Cf. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q.18, a. 6.

127. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No.1761.

128. In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta. De Dilectione Dei : Opuscula Theologica, II, No. 1168, Ed. Taurinen. (1954), 250.

129. Saint Alphonsus Maria De Liguori, Pratica di amar Gesù Cristo, VII, 3.

130. Cf. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 100, a. 1.

131. Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (December 2, 1984), 17 : AAS 77 (1985), 221 ; cf. Paul VI, Address to Members of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, (September 1967) : AAS 59 (1967), 962 : "Far be it from Christians to be led to embrace another opinion, as if the Council taught that nowadays some things are permitted which the Church had previously declared intrinsically evil. Who does not see in this the rise of a depraved moral relativism, one that clearly endangers the Church’s entire doctrinal heritage ?"

132. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 27.

133. Encyclical Letter Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968), 14 : AAS 60 (1968), 490-491.

134. Contra Mendacium, VII, 18 : PL 40, 528 ; cf. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Quaestiones Quodlibetales, IX, q. 7, a. 2 ; Catechism of the Catholic Church, Nos. 1753-1755.

135. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae, 7.

136. Address to those taking part in the International Congress of Moral Theology (April 10,1986), 1 ; Insegnamenti IX, 1 (1986), 970.

137. Ibid., 2 : loc. cit., 970-971.

138. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 24.

139. Cf. Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis (March 4, 1979), 12 : AAS 71 (1979), 280-281.

140. Enarratio in Psalmum XCIX, 7 : CCL 39, 1397.

141. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium 36 ; cf. Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis (March 4,1979), 21 : AAS 71 (1979), 316-317.

142. Roman Missal, Prayer for the Memorial of the Beheading of John the Baptist, Martyr, August 29.

143. Saint Bede the Venerable, Homeliarum Evangelii Libri, II, 23 : CCL 122, 556-557.

144. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 27.

145. Ad Romanos, VI, 2-3 : Patres Apostolici, ed. F. X. Funk, I, 260-261.

146. Moralia in Job, VII, 21, 24 : PL 75, 778 : "huius mundi aspera pro aeternis praemiis amore."

147. "Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas" : Satirae, VIII, 83-84.

148. Apologia II, 8 : PG 6, 457-458.

149. Aposotolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio (November 22, 1981), 33 : AAS 74 (1982), 120.

150. Cf. Ibid., 34 : loc. cit., 123-1 Z5.

151. Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (December 2,1984), 34 : AAS 77 (1985), 272.

152. Encyclical Letter Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968), 29 : AAS 60 (1968), 501.

153. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 25.

154. Cf. Encyclical Letter CentesimusAnnus (May 1, 1991), 24 : AAS 83 (1991), 821-822.

155. Ibid., 44 : loc. cit., 848-849 ; cf. Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter Libertas Praestantissimum (June 20,1888), LeonisXIII P.M. Acts, VIII, Romae 1889, 224-226.

156. Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (December 30,1987), 41 : AAS 80 (1988), 571.

157. Catechism of the Catholic Church, No. 2407.

158. Cf. ibid., Nos. 2408-2413.

159. Ibid., No. 2414.

160. Cf. Encyclical Letter Christifideles Laici (December30,1988), 42 : AAS 81 (1989), 472-476.

161. Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus (May 1,1991), 46 : AAS 83 (1991), 850.

162. Sess. VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Chap.11 : DS, 1536 ; cf. Canon 18. DS, 1568. The celebrated text from Saint Augustine, which the Council cites is found in De Narura et Gratia, 43, 40 (CSEL 60, 270).

163. Oratio I : PG 97, 805-806.

164. Address to those taking part in a course on "responsible parenthood" (March 1, 1984), 4 : Insegnamenti VII, 1 (1984), 583.

165. De Interpellatione David, IV, 6, 22 : CSEL 3212, 283-284.

166. Address to the Bishops of CELAM (March 9,1983), III : Insegnamenti, VI, 1 (1983), 698.

167. Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (December 8, 1975), 75 : AAS 68 (1976), 64.

168. De Trinitate, XXIX, 9-10 : CCL 4, 70.

169, Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium 12.

170. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of the Theologian Donum Veritatis (May 24,1990), 6. AAS 82 (1990), 1552.

171, Address to the Professors and Students of the Pontifical Gregorian University (December 15,1979), 6. Insegnamenti 11, 2 (1979),1424.

172. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of the Theologian Donum Veritatis (May 24, 1990),16 : AAS 82 (1990), 1557.

173. Cf. Code of Canon Law, Canons 252,1 ; 659, 3.

174. Cf. First Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith Dei Filius, Chap. 4 : DS, 3016.

175. Cf. Paul VI, Encyclical Letter Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968), 28 : AAS 60 (1968), 501.

176. Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education, The Theological formation of Future Priests (February 22, 1976), No.100. See Nos. 95-101, which present the prospects and conditions for a fruitful renewal of moral theology : loc. cit., 39-41.

177. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of the Theologian Donum Veritatis (May 24,1990),11 : AAS 82 (1990), 1554 ; cf. in particular Nos. 32-39, devoted to the problem of dissent : ibid., loc. cit., 1562-1568.

178. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 25.

179. Cf. Code of Canon Law, Canon 803, 3.

180. Cf. Code of Canon Law, Canon 808.

181. "O inaestimabilis dilectio caritatis : ut servum redimeres, Filium tradidisti !" Missale Romanum, In Resurrectione Domini, Praeconium Paschale.

182. In Iohannis Evangelium Tractatus, 26,13 : CCL, 36, 266.

183. De Virginibus, Bk. II, Chap. II,15 : PL 16, 222.

184. Ibid., Bk. II, Chap. II, 7 : PL 16, 220.